
Fab Four
I saw this in the Herald a few days ago and have been meaning to put it up for days. I never seem to get my rear-end into gear. It helps when one's train of thought isn't interrupted by idiots. :)
- Art Neuro

On 14 July, Cassini swooped in for an unprecedented close-up view of the wrinkled moon. Its Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) camera has since returned pictures of a boulder-strewn landscape that is currently beyond explanation. The "boulders" appear to range between 10 and 20 metres in diameter in the highest-resolution images, which can resolve features just 4 m across.
“That’s a surface texture I have never seen anywhere else in the solar system,” says David Rothery, a planetary geologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK.
Cracks crisscross Enceladus's surface - possibly as a result of the moon being repeatedly squeezed and stretched by the gravity of Saturn and other moons nearby. But Rothery points out the boulders avoid - rather than fill - the cracks. This might indicate that the fracturing took place after the boulders had already formed.
Alien landscape
John Spencer, a Cassini team member at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, US, agrees that the images are puzzling. “You would expect to see small craters or a smooth, snow-covered landscape at this resolution," he told New Scientist. "This is just strange. In fact, I have a really hard time understanding what I’m seeing.”
NASA scientists have been locked in discussions since 15 July and are expected to pass judgment on what they think this peculiar surface might be later on Tuesday.
But Elizabeth Turtle, a Cassini imaging team member at the University of Arizona in Tucson, US, warns there will be no quick answers. “Trying to figure out what is going on is going to take a lot longer than a weekend of swapped emails,” she says.
IF LIFE exists on Titan, Saturn's biggest moon, we could soon know about it - as long as it's the methane-spewing variety. The chemical signature of microbial life could be hidden in readings taken by the European Space Agency's Huygens probe when it landed on Titan in January.
Titan's atmosphere is about 5 per cent methane, and Chris McKay of NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffet Field, California, thinks that some of it could be coming from methanogens, or methane-producing microbes. Now he and Heather Smith of the International Space University in Strasbourg, France, have worked out the likely diet of such organisms on Titan.
They think the microbes would breathe hydrogen rather than oxygen, and eat organic molecules drifting down from the upper atmosphere. They considered three available substances: acetylene, ethane and more complex organic gunk known as tholins. Ethane and tholins turn out to provide little more than the minimum energy requirements of methanogenic bacteria on Earth. The more tempting high-calorie option is acetylene, yielding six times as much energy per mole as either ethane or tholins.
McKay and Smith calculate that if methanogens are thriving on Titan, their breathing would deplete hydrogen levels near the surface to one-thousandth that of the rest of the atmosphere. Detecting this difference would be striking evidence for life, because no known non-biological process on Titan could affect hydrogen concentrations as much.
One hope for testing their idea rests with the data from an instrument on Huygens called the GCMS, which recorded Titan's chemical make-up as the probe descended. It will take time to analyse the raw data, partly because hydrogen's signal will have to be separated from those of other molecules. "Eventually, I hope, we will have numbers for at least upper limits for hydrogen," says Hasso Niemann of Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, principal investigator of the GCMS.
But this is disputed by Kuznick and Mark Selden, a historian from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, US. They are presenting their evidence at a meeting in London on Thursday organised by Greenpeace and others to coincide with the 60th anniversary of the bombings. Looking for peace
New studies of the US, Japanese and Soviet diplomatic archives suggest that Truman's main motive was to limit Soviet expansion in Asia, Kuznick claims. Japan surrendered because the Soviet Union began an invasion a few days after the Hiroshima bombing, not because of the atomic bombs themselves, he says.
According to an account by Walter Brown, assistant to then-US secretary of state James Byrnes, Truman agreed at a meeting three days before the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima that Japan was "looking for peace". Truman was told by his army generals, Douglas Macarthur and Dwight Eisenhower, and his naval chief of staff, William Leahy, that there was no military need to use the bomb.
"Impressing Russia was more important than ending the war in Japan," says Selden. Truman was also worried that he would be accused of wasting money on the Manhattan Project to build the first nuclear bombs, if the bomb was not used, he adds.
"We have had a great many challenges preparing the space shuttle Discovery and her crew to get ready for this historic return-to-flight mission. Certainly, that's the cost of creating the safest shuttle to date," said NASA test director Jeff Spaulding.
The latest challenge involves the hydrogen fuel gauges in Discovery's giant external tank.
Mission managers had yet to settle on a strategy for how best to manage the fuel gauges, which forced a launch delay the first time around. One option would be to proceed with liftoff if just three of the four gauges work, which would mean bending a launch rule that was implemented in the wake of the 1986 Challenger disaster.
A decision on whether to relax the rule for this first space shuttle flight in 2 1/2 years was expected by Sunday evening.
Despite exhaustive effort, NASA still does not know exactly why one of the fuel gauges in Discovery's external tank failed a prelaunch test on July 13.
Workers last week repaired faulty electrical grounding inside Discovery in hopes that would solve the problem, and swapped the wiring between the troublesome fuel sensor and another one to better understand the issue if it reappears.
The same type of problem occurred back in April during a fueling test, and was written off then as an "unexplained anomaly."
The fuel gauges are needed to prevent the main engines from shutting down too soon or too late during liftoff. The first scenario could result in a risky, never-attempted emergency landing; the second could cause the engine turbines to rupture and, quite possibly, destroy the spacecraft.
Only two fuel gauges are needed to avoid such dangerous situations, but NASA requires all four to be working at liftoff for redundancy.
NASA has just one week to launch Discovery and its crew of seven to the international space station, before putting off the mission until September.

"Troubleshooting is continuing around the clock," Space Shuttle Programme Manager Bill Parsons said at a press conference yesterday.
"This team is persistent and energetic and we will conquer this problem too. Once the problem is resolved the next opportunity to tank the vehicle would be Tuesday, the 26th of July." Programme Deputy Manager Wayne Hale said.
Hale is hopeful that this week the problem could be identified and NASA managers are still optimistic about a launch within the current window, which ends July 31.
"Right now, I can tell you that we're still looking for the problem," Parsons said. "We've waited two-plus years, 2 1/2 years to be here. We're trying awfully hard to resolve this issue."
ANDREW DENTON: You know, you think a 25 million dollar salary is wrong for Hollywood stars. Have you ever considered...
ANTHONY LA PAGLIA: The actual thing that I say is this: The advent of the 25 million dollar actor has kind of ruined movies, has actually ruined movies. Because what's happened is this, two things. It's affected the quality of scripts. It's also affected the quality of basically the character actor. Now, I don't begrudge anybody getting paid 25 million dollars. That's fine, if that's what you're worth, and that's what the studio wants to pay you, that's fantastic for you. However, what's happened is that the studios then say, "We spent all the money on that guy or that girl and we can only pay you scale."
In the old days, if you look at the movies from the '70s, for example, even the supporting characters had an arc. They started somewhere, they went somewhere, and they finished somewhere. Now you see a character come into a film, have his two little seconds and then they're gone. There's no explanation of where they went, what happened to them, nothing. I know what happened to them - There's no money for them to do anything. It went all on the other person.
ANDREW DENTON: If you were to be offered 25 million dollars to do a film?
ANTHONY LA PAGLIA: Listen, I'm a working-class boy from Adelaide. If someone offered me 25 million bucks, my teeth would fall out. I'd have to think, yes, of course, I want to do it. But I'm also connected enough still to the real world to think this thought - I want the best actors around me because they're going to make me look even better, and to get the best actors around me, you got to pay them more. Therefore, I'll take a chance on the film and I'll take less money, but give me a piece of the back end of the film. If it succeeds, I succeed. If it fails, it's my fault too.
If you're lucky to be born with the gift of acting, with the gift to be able to act and communicate, that's a gift. As you become more successful, it's incumbent upon you to exhibit largesse as a person. You have a lot of power. You make a lot of money for really doing bugger-all, to be honest with you. Acting's not rocket science. It's not. I've never found it difficult. I found some things difficult to do, but it's a joy for me to do it.
ANDREW DENTON: Have you ever discussed this with Russell Crowe?
ANTHONY LA PAGLIA: No. I haven't.
ANDREW DENTON: I would love to hear the conversation between you about this.
ANTHONY LA PAGLIA: You know, I've met Russell on a number of occasions in the past, and I don't know what his feelings would be about that.
ANDREW DENTON: Yes, you do.
ANTHONY LA PAGLIA: Well, I wouldn't venture to... I wouldn't venture to comment on them, you know. Different philosophies. Listen, you know the truth is that Russell is probably one of the finest actors that New Zealand's ever produced. I'm kidding. He's very much Australian. He's spent his most formative years here, and he is one of the finest actors, I think, in the world.
Apart from Dennis Quaid, who was 50 last year and Hugh Laurie, who's 46, most of the actors in the remake weren't yet born in 1965. So what? Well, nothing really, except that I think we may have lost something since the youth market became the dominant force in Hollywood. This began well before Star Wars. Indeed, it probably began with the rise of the affluent American teenager in the 1950s, but it means that now, a great many movies are skewed toward younger actors. I suspect that means we see less of the great character actors who made movies like The Flight of the Phoenix so memorable. By definition, character actors bring a certain depth of life experience, but if you're not allowed to cast many people over 40, you must surely affect a film's dramatic possibilities. The writing has to stay younger, to reflect the audience's range of experience.
The difference can be seen in the approach of these two movies. The first was a taut, entertaining survival story in which an experienced director made the most of a seasoned cast and a solid script. The drama was serious and played as such, with attention to character detail across a dozen or so roles.
Clarke said one of the suspects was reported missing by his family later that morning. That man was on the bus that blew up in Tavistock square 50 minutes after the carnage on the underground.
In the bloody aftermath of the explosion of the bus, police found a gruesome clue: the detached head of a man. This, according to Israeli experts who have experience in such things, was a telling clue that he was the person closest to the explosion. Police believe he was either a willing or inadvertent suicide bomber.
But it wasn't the only clue to the killers. "We have found personal documents bearing the names of three of those four men close to the scenes of the explosions," said Clarke. Clarke also says it's likely at least one of the men died in the blasts, perhaps all four. But he didn't label them as suicide bombers nor did he release their names.
The fact that the exercise mirrored the exact locations and times of the bombings is light years beyond a coincidence. Power said the drill focused around 'simultaneous bombings'. At first the bombings were thought to have been spread over an hour, but the BBC reports just today that the bombings were in fact simultaneous.
Mr. Power (pictured above) and Visor Consultants need not have been 'in on the bombing' or anything of that nature for this to be of importance. The British government or one of their private company offshoots could have hired Visor to run the exercise for a number of purposes.
The exercise fulfils several different goals. It acts as a cover for the small compartamentalized government terrorists to carry out their operation without the larger security services becoming aware of what they're doing, and, more importantly, if they get caught during the attack or after with any incriminating evidence they can just claim that they were just taking part in the exercise.
This is precisely what happened on the morning of 9/11/2001. The CIA was conducting drills of flying hijacked planes into the WTC and Pentagon at 8:30 in the morning.
Managers believe they have licked the overriding problem of foam shrapnel, but warn that no one will know for sure until Discovery goes up. Ice from the fuel tank could also prove to be a deadly spoiler.
As for those little shuttle bandages, the astronauts don't trust them enough to ride home with them covering any holes, even those considerably smaller than the one that doomed Columbia.
An oversight group found the remedies to be so deficient that it ruled NASA noncompliant with Columbia accident investigators' 2003 insistence on practical space repairs. The task force also found NASA lacking on two other crucial requirements, shuttle hardening and elimination of fuel-tank launch debris.
LONDON (AP) — California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger is urging governments — including that of President Bush — to face up the reality of global warming.
"The debate is over," he wrote in Britain's Independent on Sunday newspaper. "We know the science. We see the threat posed by changes in our climate. And we know the time for action is now."
Schwarzenegger, a Republican, did not mention Bush by name, but called on "governments everywhere" to join action to combat climate change. He contradicted Bush's claims that taking action will damage the U.S. economy.
Climate change is one of the major issues expected to be discussed at the upcoming Group of Eight summit at the Gleneagles resort in Scotland. Schwarzenegger has vowed to make California a leader in the battle against global warming, calling on the state to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases while increasing use of renewable energy.
"Global warming threatens California's water supply, public health, agriculture, coastlines and forests — our entire economy and way of life," Schwarzenegger wrote.
The brighter-than-expected white flash of light climaxed a daring mission "that's something to be proud of on America's birthday," said Rick Grammier, the mission's project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
About 12 hours after the barrel-sized Deep Impact space probe smashed into a comet half the size of Manhattan, scientists showed off dramatic, sci-fi-like images. Photos shot by the impactor probe as it awaited its suicidal collision revealed for the
first time the surface of the comet Tempel 1 as it closed in at 23,000 mph.The close-ups revealed not so much the pickle-shaped comet that scientists originally thought, but one that looked more like a potato, lumpy and pocked. Michael A'Hearn, an astronomer at the University of Maryland and Deep Impact principal investigator, likened it to a muffin or loaf of bread.
The impact released a bright flash followed by a larger one as a plume of trapped
gas and debris spewed from the comet's belly into space, backlit by the sun. The cloud blocked scientists' view of the excavated crater and it could be weeks before the dust disappears. Still, scientists were confident they accomplished their mission because they were able to see the crater's shadow in the photos."Our experiment went very, very well," said co-investigator Pete Schultz of Brown University, who seemed to be brimming with enthusiasm. "We touched a comet and we touched it hard."
The mission seemed to spark enthusiasm of skywatchers too. Officials at JPL said the Deep Impact web site had 1 billion hits, compared to some 400 million hits for the Mars mission. Scientists said the comet appears to have a soft, dusty surface with crater-like features. Trapped ice seems to be below the surface, possibly containing the primordial ingredients of the solar system, Schultz said. Scientists are hoping to get to the core of this rocky, ice-filled structure to learn about the origins of the sun and planets.
Beane: You know what it is. It's the old John McEnroe versus Bjorn Borg personality. Is Bjorn Borg any less of a champion in tennis than John
McEnroe with a completely different personality? Bjorn Borg is one of the greatest tennis players of all time. He and McEnroe are, but totally different personalities. When McEnroe misses a shot and argues with an umpire, people felt better because they want to do that. But when Borg didn't, and I'm going back quite a few years for some people, does that mean he doesn't care as much? They're just different personalities.
Discovered at 14 while starring on Australian youth teams, Williams, a smooth and strong switch-hitting infielder, was the most polished young prospect his country had ever produced. And he wasn't some raw project from the Outback; Williams had been around baseball all his life. His father, Garry, had been a member of the Australian national team a generation before, playing in international tournaments against Tim Wallach and other future big-leaguers. The day Glenn left the hospital after being born in July 1977, Garry took him straight to the ballpark.
A half-dozen organizations fell all over themselves trying to sign Williams when he turned 16 in July 1993, and the Braves won out with that $825,000 offer – the highest bonus international baseball had ever seen. Atlanta brass predictably compared him to its top prospect and a fellow switch-hitting infielder, Chipper
Jones.Williams never showed that type of talent again. From 1994 to 1999, playing just 57 games above Class A, he hit in the low .200s with little power but lots of injuries. A fungo bat slammed into his shoulder. A pitch crashed into his elbow. Another pitch hit his bad shoulder. He dislocated a finger before dislocating his left shoulder twice and his right shoulder once.
Just like any American bonus baby, Williams knew he hadn't lived up to the hype.
"It was tough – you never see yourself failing," Williams said. "What got to me was the expectations. There were a lot of things said about me and a lot of things written about me that I tried to live up to, and whenever you do that and you stop concentrating on what you have to do, it makes it tough."Williams' huge bonus was a byproduct of baseball's industrywide Australia fix in the early 1990s, when scouts believed the huge nation could become a serious talent hotbed. Australia hadn't produced much before – its only notable export was a 19th-century second baseman, Joe Quinn, who later managed the historically inept 12-104 Cleveland Spiders of 1899 – but with Dave Nilsson and Graeme Lloyd just breaking in with the Brewers, scouts thought investment in Australia would reap future All Stars.
They were wrong. No Australian ever proved even half as good as Nilsson – particularly Williams, who at least symbolically soured the scouting community on the nation as a whole.
"I would say that's right," said Dan Jennings, Marlins assistant general manager and
longtime scout. "I think Australia still gets scouted pretty heavy, just not as much as in the past. Probably Japan has taken the place of Australia in terms of priority." Released by Atlanta after the 1999 season, Williams got picked up by Toronto and spent the next five seasons in that system, including 2002-04 with Syracuse. It began to look as though his finest moment would be helping his home country win the silver medal in last summer's Athens Olympics.
The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) and a national charity, SANE Australia, advised Australians using psychiatric drugs who are concerned by the screen idol's remarks not to change their treatment.
"It is reckless and potentially dangerous of Mr Cruise to make uninformed comments about the treatment of mental illness; many people are well because medication plays an important role in managing their health," said SANE's director Barbara Hocking.
"The stigma and misunderstanding of mental illnesses, such as postnatal depression, prevents help-seeking behaviour for people who are unwell." The president of RANZCP, Julian Freidin, said: "Scientific research has clearly demonstrated that modern treatments for psychiatric illnesses - including medications - are safe and effective."
The joint statement, entitled "Tom Cruise's 'Mission Irresponsible'", said his comments should be seen in the context of his religious beliefs as a Scientologist.
Cruise created controversy recently when he criticised actress Brooke Shields for revealing that she went into therapy and took anti-depressants to deal with postnatal depression.
Defending his remarks later on NBC television's "Today" show presented by Matt Lauer, Cruise launched into an attack on the whole field of psychiatric medicine, which Scientologists spurn.
"Psychiatry is a pseudo science," Cruise said. "She (Shields) doesn't understand the history of psychiatry. She doesn't understand in the same way that you don't understand it, Matt. You don't know the history of psychiatry. I do."